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Thesecasesraisegraveissues.Buthowevergravetheissuesmaybe,theanswermustdependontheinterpretationofthewordsinArticle368,readinaccordancewiththeprinciplesofinterpretationwhichareappliedtotheinterpretationofaConstitutiongivenbythepeopletothemselves.ImustinterpretArticle368inthesettingofourConstitution,inthebackgroundofourhistoryandinthelightofouraspirationsandhopes,andotherrelevantcircumstances.NootherConstitutionintheworldislikeours.NootherConstitutioncombinesunderitswingssuchdiversepeoples,numberingnowmorethan550millions,withdifferentlanguagesandreligionsandindifferentstagesofeconomicdevelopment,intoonenation,andnoothernationisfacedwithsuchvastsocioeconomicproblems.IneedhardlyobservethatIamnotinterpretinganordinarystatute,butaConstitutionwhichapartfromsettingupamachineryforgovernment,hasanobleandgrandvision.ThevisionwasputinwordsinthePreambleandcarriedoutinpartbyconferringfundamentalrightsonthepeople.Thevisionwasdirectedtobefurthercarriedoutbytheapplicationofdirectiveprinciples.Beforeproceedingwiththemaintask,itisnecessarytoask:whatwasdecidedinI.C.GolakNathv.StateofPunjab[1967]Inordertoproperlyappreciatethatcase,itisnecessaryfirsttohavealookatSriSankariPrasadSinghDeov.UnionofIndiaandStateofBihar[1952]S.C.R.89andSajjanSinghv.StateofRajasthan[1965].TheConstitution(FirstAmendment)Act,1951,whichinsertedinteraliaArticles31Aand31BintheConstitutionwasthesubjectmatterofdecisioninSankariPrasad[1952]case.ThemainargumentsrelevanttothepresentcasewhichwereadvancedinsupportofthepetitionbeforethisCourtweresummarisedbyPatanjaliSastriJ.ashethenwas,asfollows:First,thepowerofamendingtheConstitutionprovidedforunderArticle368wasconferrednotonParliamentbutonthetwoHousesofParliamentasdesignatedbodyand,therefore,theprovisionalParliamentwasnotcompetenttoexercisethatpowerunderArticle379.Fourthly,inanycaseArticle368isacompletecodeinitselfanddoesnotprovideforanyamendmentbeingmadeinthebillafterithasbeenintroducedintheHouse.ThebillinthepresentcasehavingbeenadmittedlyamendedinseveralparticularsduringitspassagethroughtheHouse,theAmendmentActcannotbesaidtohavebeenpassedinconformitywiththeprocedureprescribedinArticle368.Fifthly,theAmendmentAct,insofarasitpurportstotakeawayorabridgetherightsconferredbyPartIIIoftheConstitution,fallswithintheprohibitionofArticle13(2).TheviewthatArticle368isacompletecodeinitselfinrespectoftheprocedureprovidedbyitanddoesnotcontemplateanyamendmentofaBillforamendmentoftheConstitutionafterithasbeenintroduced,andthatiftheBillisamendedduringitspassagethroughtheHouse,theAmendmentActcannotbesaidtohavebeenpassedinconformitywiththeprocedureprescribedbyArticle368andwouldbeinvalid,iserroneous.AlthoughlawmustordinarilyincludeConstitutionallawthereisacleardemarcationbetweenordinarylawwhichismadeintheexerciseoflegislativepowerandConstitutionallaw,whichismadeintheexerciseofconstituentpower.InthecontextofArticle13,lawmustbetakentomeanrulesorregulationsmadeinexerciseofordinarylegislativepowerandnotamendmentstotheConstitutionmadeintheexerciseofconstituentpowerwiththeresultthatArticle13(2)doesnotaffectamendmentsmadeunderArticle368.AlthoughthedecisioninSankariPrasad[1952]casewasnotchallengedinSajjanSingh[1965]case,Gajendragadkar,C.J.thoughtitfittogivereasonsforexpressingfullconcurrencewiththatdecision.TheonlycontentionbeforetheCourtwasthatsinceitappearsthatthepowersprescribedbyArticle226arelikelytobeaffectedbytheintended
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